Italy 1 Paraguay 1

Italy v Paraguay By Dr Paul: For a team who created the catenaccio style of defending, it was Italy’s opponents Paraguay who turned in a dogged, disciplined performance in the opening game of Group F.

The Azzuri, playing an uncharacteristically attacking 4-3-3 formation, started off all guns blazing -Fiorentina’s Montolivio was pulling the strings in the middle of the park, and full backs Zambrotta and Criscito were finding plenty of room down the flanks. Udinese’s Simone Pepe was an industrious figure on the right side of the forward line, and Gilardino and Iaquinta were lively in the opening stages.

At the back, talismanic captain Fabio Cannavaro looked to be back to his best, and in the opening half an hour Paraguay found it difficult to keep possession and played almost exclusively in their own half. For an Italian team to press so high up the pitch and really attack their opponents so early in the competition is almost unheard of. In fact, after watching the disappointing Holland v Denmark, Japan v Cameroon matches, it was refreshing to see such an attacking formation actually attacking and striving for a victory (as opposed to a 4-3-3 formation quickly turning into a more defensive 4-5-1).

It was interesting to note that Paraguay’s two best known attacking players – Roque Santa Cruz and Oscar Cardozo – came on in the second half, which seemed to suggest that a more aggressive, stifling gameplan was at the forefront of coach Gerardo Martino’s mind. It worked. On 39 minutes, Giorgio Chiellini conceded a free kick and, from an excellent delivery by Aureliano Torres, Alcarez stole into the danger zone to send a header past the stranded Buffon. This took the wind out of the Azzuri’s sails – buoyed by their goal, Paraguay’s midfield started to gain the upper hand, and the previously bright and industrious trio of De Rossi, Marchisio and Montolivio faded dramatically. This pattern continued throughout the second half, with Paraguay stifling any semblance of Italian pressure and looking fairly comfortable. Italy, still playing at a high tempo, huffed and puffed but didn’t create any clear-cut chances, instead opting to shoot from distance.

Gilardino

Gilardino

By the time the equaliser came Camoranesi and Di Natale (a surprise exclusion) were on the field as substitutes. Gaining extra confidence from their equaliser, Italy were back on top. Pepe had switched wings and was seeing a lot of the ball (although his distribution didn’t match his industry), while Montolivio started to come back into the game.

So the opening match in Group F finished as a draw. Italy will feel they should have won it, but in truth they did not create, despite an attacking performance and some lively patches, any real chances. With Pirlo waiting in the wings, and Di Natale (who scored a bucketful for Udinese in Serie A this season) surely meriting a start, Italy will want to work on turning possession into chance before their next game against the Kiwis.

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Dramatic Scapegoats

Mrs Mangle

Mrs Mangle

In his work Poetics, Aristotle highlighted that the aim of dramatic storytelling was catharsis. This term refers to an emotional purification or cleansing: the audience would attain this state through identifying with the unfolding of dramatic events. This links to the notion of cathartic sacrifice, which can be realised via a scapegoat: that is a person who is blamed and punished to attenuate the suffering and crimes of others. Artistic performance enables the audience to purge themselves of frustration and self-doubt by directing their righteous anger at a dramatic scapegoat. Great dramatic scapegoats include Mrs Mangle from TV’s Neighbours.

International football enables the audience to watch their home country assert its qualities within a sporting arena; the personal identity of fans can become subsumed under this national focus during critical junctures in the footballing calendar. Success at the World Cup can foster a sense of collective well-being and, as a consequence, briefly assist individual members of a population to transcend their petty quotidian concerns. When success is thwarted it is necessary, in the first instance, to seek a scapegoat to assuage the negative impact upon national and personal pride. To address the locus of the world’s shortcomings and sufferings, the catharsis of persecution is preferable to introspection.

Catharsis may explain the national response to some of England’s recent disappointments in major tournaments. At World Cup 2006, England were knocked out at the quarter-final stage by Portugal after they had been reduced to ten men. Wayne Rooney was dismissed for stamping on defender Ricardo Carvalho’s groin. However, Rooney was also goaded by Cristiano Ronaldo following this incident; Rooney retaliated by shoving Ronaldo, and it appeared that this could have contributed to the sending off. Rather than turning on Rooney, the English nation sought catharsis by focusing their ire on Ronaldo. The channelling of disgust at the hubristic, underhand Portuguese star enabled emotional release whilst protecting sentiments of national superiority. The nemesis Ronaldo was therefore the scapegoat, rather than the tragic English hero Rooney.

David Beckham 1998However, cathartic sacrifice can have a homegrown referent. At World Cup 1998 David Beckham was sent off against Argentina, in a game in which England were eventually despatched on penalties. Beckham’s dismissal was probably harsher than Rooney’s: Beckham kicked out at Diego Simeone but it was a tame incident which was exacerbated by the elaborate response of the Argentine. It may have been assumed that the English population would have sought emotional cleansing by channelling their frustration at the cheating foreigner. But instead, a sustained campaign of vitriol was initiated against Beckham: he was portrayed as a feckless pretty-boy with an inadequate sense of national responsibility. Beckham’s momentary lack of self-control exposed his human fallibilities; this helped to distract the members of the collective vigilante squad from their own disappointments and inadequacies.

The reasons why Ronaldo and Beckham were selected as scapegoats to facilitate catharsis (rather than Rooney or Simeone) are likely to be multifarious and complex. But one possible factor is that, when choosing a scapegoat, it provides an additional function if the persecuted individual is better looking than us.

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US team v Slovenia

USA v SloveniaI am persisting with my view that USA should opt for a 4-4-1-1 formation with Landon Donovan behind Jozy Altidore. Robbie Findley looked dangerous at sporadic intervals against England but, without Charlie Davies, USA don’t really have a viable 90-minute strike-partner for Altidore. The US started the 2009 Confederations Cup with Donovan in a central-attacking area, and they functioned very well in their group game against Italy until Ricardo Clark’s sending off.

Against England, Clint Dempsey and Donovan did push infield from their respective flanks to take up central positions. It was this tactic which led to Dempsey’s fortunate goal. Playing Donovan in a more defined central role enables USA to field a player more fixedly situated between central-midfield and attack. Although Donovan’s focus would be on supporting Altidore, he would add extra presence to central areas thus assisting Ricardo Clark and Michael Bradley to gain more of a foothold. Altidore performed ably against England, demonstrating good power and pace. He doesn’t need the close support of a fellow centre-forward and is equipped to lead the line on his own.

The Slovenia game provides an opportunity to put 4-4-1-1 into practice again. This is a pragmatic formation which will serve the US well if they make it to the knock-out rounds and face a side which is organized as 4-5-1.

There is still flexibility within this approach. Donovan can pull wide to either flank, with Dempsey or Stuart Holden switching to the middle. If 4-4-2 is retained, then of course the wide players can move infield to occupy holding midfielders and run at the central-defence, but this will be at the expense of attacking width. Under 4-4-1-1, USA’s most talented player Donovan is placed in a more defined central position, but presence on the wings is not compromised. The only loss is the use of a centre-forward (Findley or Edson Buddle) who is yet to establish that they offer anything more than impact-substitute qualities.

You can select your US team for the Slovenia fixture at gaffr.com.

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Who wants it the least?

“What it’s really down to now…”, asserts the co-commentator with earnest conviction as the game approaches full-time, “…is who wants it the most!” This perspective is based on the belief that the team with the highest level of motivation will put in the greatest effort and therefore win the game. This notion is particularly prevalent in England, where running around red-faced chasing lost causes is considered the pinnacle of sporting endeavour. However, is the ultimate difference between two teams of highly skilled athletes really down to who wants it the most?

Within most types of activity there is usually a positive correlation between motivation and achievement: the harder one tries, the better one does. However, it is also possible that excessive levels of pressure lead to a degree of over-arousal which actually constricts performance.

Experimental neurophysiologist, Benjamin Libet highlights that there is a temporal delay between the brain initiating action and the individual becoming subjectively aware of this intent. The delay between unconscious initiation and response is about 0.5 seconds. Within many sports the response time available is less than this period of time: this demonstrates that unconscious processes deliver much of the physical activity required. Successful athletes are those who can operate effectively at an unconscious level which is free from interference from the conscious mind. For example, in baseball the ball will reach the hitter within 450msecs, that is, before conscious assessment of the situation is possible.

Temporal delay in subjective awareness

In football, most responses when the player is on the ball are likely to require rapid motor reactions to signals which are underpinned by unconscious processes. When executing a shot or pass when being challenged, or when trying to beat or dispossess an opponent, the amount of time available to respond to the specifics of the situation is likely to be less than 0.5 seconds.

At international level, players are subject to more intense negative public feedback when things go wrong. Under this excessive pressure, it is possible that it is harder for the player to relinquish control to unconscious processes. Anxiety prompts subjective scrutiny of personal movements and this will hamper effective actions: if we concentrate attention on our motor responses then continuity of action is likely to break down. (This phenomenon becomes apparent to any male who starts losing to his girlfriend during a game of ten-pin bowling.) When England put in a stilted display in the past, it was assumed that their motivation was lacking. But the furrowed brow of Steven Gerrard (as he over-hit another simple pass into touch) suggested that tasks which would be executed without thought on a regular Saturday, could become a puzzling conundrum when the reward/punishment trade-off had been negatively skewed. And now that the England goalkeeping position is an ongoing locus of mishap and public scrutiny, excessive conscious effort impedes the unconscious mind from processing routine situations.

So perhaps the issue isn’t who wants it the most. The team that can perform effectively during a game will be highly motivated and respond positively to the incentives to win. However, fearing vilification and public hostility leads to wanting it too much, and means that players can’t express their skills readily via the optimum unconscious level. So when two teams are battling out a tough quarter-final tie in South Africa, it would be great to hear the co-commentator earnestly assert: “What it’s really down to now…is who wants it the least!”

Over-arousal impedes Robert Green's unconscious motor responses

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England 1 USA 1

England v USAAn early goal kick-started England’s World Cup 2010, but it failed to generate substantial momentum. Before five minutes of the game had elapsed, Emile Heskey received the ball on the edge of the box – he played in Steven Gerrard who slotted deftly past Tim Howard. The half continued to be an open affair with both sides constructing some good forward moves without creating many clear chances.

England played 4-4-2, but Rooney dropped deep in search of the ball and to link with teammates. It was a satisfying performance from England in the first period and they were the better side without completely dominating. Heskey had a particularly good half, winning a substantial amount in the air. Lampard and Gerrard were assured in the centre of midfield, with the latter’s contribution incorporating both incisive movement in attacking areas and sound defensive play. The defence was generally sound with Ashley Cole and Glen Johnson assertive on the flanks – Johnson made one eye-catching run which took him to the edge of USA’s 18-yard box. The only significant US goalscoring opportunity arose from a Landon Donovan cross, from which Jozy Altidore failed to make a decent connection. But shortly before half-time, disaster struck: Gerrard failed to repel Clint Dempsey, but the US midfielder’s shot was tame and should have been dealt with easily by Robert Green. Half-time arrived with the score at one apiece.

England’s second-half also started brightly with Aaron Lennon playing Heskey through for a run at goal – but unfortunately goal-scoring isn’t in Heskey’s repertoire and he shot straight at Howard. England continued to be the better side but the win always felt slightly out of reach. Another good chance did fall to Shaun Wright-Phillips after he met Rooney’s pass in the area, but again the shot was straight at Howard. Otherwise, England’s best efforts were decent long-range strikes from Lampard and Rooney. The US did have the opportunity to take the lead when Jamie Carragher was unable to rein in strong Altidore run, but the US forward’s shot was tipped onto the near post by Green.

Emile Heskey and Oguchi OnyewuEngland were the better side and should have won this game – it was only a Robert Green howler which gifted the US an equalizer. The team generally performed well with good performances throughout the side. For all the discussion about central-midfield, Lampard and Gerrard were a resilient and influential combination. In fact it was the players at wide-midfield which disappointed slightly, with Wright-Phillips and Lennon failing to make consistent impact. There would also be concerns if Ledley King is injured: Carragher joined John Terry for the second-half and this pairing could surely be exposed by a pacy front-line.

Three points would obviously have been hugely helpful, but England did enough to suggest that they could win World Cup 2010! [Selected ratings below.]

7 Emile Heskey: A redoubtable performance as target man which included an assist for the goal. Shame about the finishing!
7 Steven Gerrard: Not quite foot perfect, but an influential presence putting in notable defensive and attacking work.
7 Glen Johnson: Had a good game defensively and always looked threatening in advanced positions.
7 Ledley King: Appeared untroubled by the US forward line. He will hopefully be fit for the next fixture.
7 Frank Lampard: Pragmatic and assured, his distribution was good.
7 Wayne Rooney: Involved in several significant attacks, but did not quite hit top gear.

6 Ashley Cole: Handled Donovan well, but less visible in attack than Johnson.
6 John Terry: A solid performance, but given the slip on one occasion by Robbie Findley in the second-half.
6 Shaun Wright-Phillips: Looked bright upon his introduction, but made few inroads down his flank.
6 Aaron Lennon: Threatened the US defence at times, but his involvement was sporadic.

5 Jamie Carragher: The manner in which Altidore evaded him to run at goal was worrying and could have led to a US winner.

4 Robert Green: One good save but also one shocking error.

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Zakumi v The Oldies

ZakumiThe World Cup mascot should be well-designed and represent three things: the host nation, football and fun. Zakumi is the South Africa 2010 mascot: he’s a fun, attractive character and the football theme is clearly apparent. And as Zakumi is a leopard, the links to the South African nation are clear. The name Zakumi is a composite of ZA, standing for South Africa and ‘Kumi’ which means ’10′ in several languages across Africa. This further underscores his continental and national associations.

Mascot designs tend to run in trends, so it will be interesting to see if the choice of an animal mascot accompanies the tournament in 2014. In the 70s all of the mascots were of human-style figures, Juanito for Mexico 70, Tip and Tap for West Germany 74, and then Gauchito for Argentina 78.

Mascots - people figures

Juanito, Tip & Tap, and Gauchito

Food was the theme in the 1980s: Naranjito, an orange, for Spain 82; and Pique, a jalapeno pepper, for Mexico 86.

Mascots - food

Naranjito & Pique

The first World Cup mascot was World Cup Willie (a lion) in 1966. It was a while until an animal was used as a mascot figure again, but since the 1990s they have predominated with Striker the dog for USA 94, followed by Footix the cockerel for France 98, Goleo a lion (with a talking football called Pille) for Germany 06, and now Zakumi.

Mascots - animals

World Cup Willie, Striker, Footix & Goleo with Pille

These overall trends have experienced the occasional intermission in the shape of more indeterminate figures/ computer characters: Ciao for Italy 90, and Kaz, Ato and Nik for Japan/South Korea 02.

Mascots - indeterminate

Ciao, and Kaz, Ato & Nik

Below we have marked all of the mascots (out of 10) based on design and the three criteria outlined above. It’s quite difficult to rate the linkage with football, as this is usually just captured by including a ball in the design, but we have tried to assess the credibility of the mascot as a footballing character (or characters).

Mascot table

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Dark Horses

South Korea 2002By Dr Paul: By now you’ve made your predictions. You’ve studied the wallcharts and plotted teams’ courses through the tournament, arriving at you final four. You will have probably studied the form guides and identified several dark horses teams that, judging from past World Cups, will start off slowly, build momentum and suddenly find themselves in the latter stages with a real shot at winning. During my own predictive processes, it struck me that this may be the closest ever World Cup to call. In some ways, it’s insulting to label talented, if hitherto unknown teams, as dark horses – this doesn’t afford them the justice they deserve. So I’m going to go through a group of teams I’ve selected as ones to watch and examine their credentials, and uncover why each and every one demands to be taken seriously.

South Africa. Hosts but often derided as also-rans. With a very vocal home support behind them, and a decent showing in last year’s Confederations Cup, cannot be taken lightly.

France. I include France in this group of teams because so many have written them off. Although Raymond Domenech may not be everyone’s cup of tea, France often flatter to deceive. A decidedly dodgy qualifying campaign belies a hugely talented squad. And we all know what happened in 2006.

Mexico. A strong showing against England and an excellent, deserved win against Italy in the pre-tournament friendlies uncovered a team full of movement and exciting attacking play.

Uruguay. My ‘dark horse’ for the tournament, with the potential to go to the semis. If they can get out of the group, they have the likes of Forlan and Lodeiro, and, more excitingly, Luis Suarez. The striker has scored 85 in 120 games for Ajax.

Greece. Many people’s opinions of Greece stem from their surprise win at Euro 2004. In qualifying they played good football, going against the grain of perceived wisdom and with their country in turmoil back home, now is the perfect time to ride the wave of national responsibility. Greece may surprise many. Again!

USA. Coach Bradley has spoken openly in the lead-up to the match against England how he admires Fabio Capello’s approach to the game – expect the US to be well organised and capable of causing an upset on the counter attack. They beat Spain in last year‚Äôs Confederations Cup.

Serbia. With the likes of the familiar Vidic and Ivanovic at the back, Serbia may be difficult to beat. Milan Jovovic will provide the firepower.

Denmark. Those who don’t think Denmark will go far must look again at their qualifying campaign – they beat Portugal to top spot and dumped out Sweden and Russia. A quarter-final spot may be beckoning.

Italy. Although one of the Big Eight, many people are writing off this team already. Too old they say. Too immobile they reckon. Lacking in flair they grumble. Yes, there was a tricky qualifying campaign and an inauspicious batch of pre-tournament friendlies, but we’ve been here before with this team. Write them off at your peril. Not as old as you think and a traditionally excellent tournament team.

Paraguay. The next in the batch of talented South American teams who have a real chance of qualifying for round two. Roque Santa Cruz may be enigmatic in the Premiership, but his form for Paraguay is good. And then there’s the exciting Oscar Cardozo.

Slovakia. They may be making their debut, but with players like Napoli’s Marek Hamsik on board, they have a chance of progressing. They dumped out Poland and the Czech Republic in qualifying.

Chile. The team I’m most looking forward to seeing in the World Cup. After beating Argentina in qualifying, and only finishing second to Brazil in the table, this team cannot be overlooked. Small in stature, ex-Argentina coach Marcelo Bielsa has nonetheless set the team up to attack. Exciting striker Humberto Suazo is injured for the opening game against Spain, but also look out for 21-year-old Udinese forward Alexis Sanchez. Sadly, they could face Brazil in the second round.

Other teams, like Honduras and South Korea, boast household Premiership names, which suggest that more or less every team in this World Cup has a chance of causing an upset. It could be a fantastic month.

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Gerrard/Lampard Episode IV: A New Hope

Lampard GerrardIt is quite alarming that the Gerrard/Lampard central-midfield debate has been fully reignited in 2010. There shouldn’t really be any mystery as to why they don’t function as a centrally-located pairing in a 4-4-2. Under this arrangement it’s usually necessary for one player to take up holding duties (so that the formation is more acutely configured as 4-1-3-2.) Neither Lampard nor Gerrard are natural defensive midfielders, and when they did feature together in the centre for England, a clear demarcation of duties was seldom apparent. The impact of both players was accordingly diminished as they struggled to navigate the ambiguity of a midfield lacking sufficient scaffolding. Neither could play their natural attacking game free from excessive defensive concerns, and it seems the principal focus was upon the ongoing negotiation of their respective duties. But even when a defensive midfielder was placed behind Lampard and Gerrard in a 4-5-1 formation (for example at World Cup 2006) they still failed to perform to the expected standard.

The performances of Lampard and Gerrrard have improved markedly within the clearer parameters of action prescribed by Fabio Capello. Lampard has been taking up a more reserved role in central-midfield next to Gareth Barry, whilst Gerrard has been playing on the left but with the freedom to move infield to influence play. Lampard performed with pragmatic assurance over the qualifiers, whilst a more defined niche appeared to unlock some of Gerrard’s attacking brio. However, with Barry now absent for the start of the tournament, familiar questions on the compatibility of England’s most highly regarded midfielders are being raised again.

Before World Cup 2006, Sven Goran Eriksson did search for a holding midfielder, experimenting at different times with Ledley King, Michael Carrick, Owen Hargreaves and Jamie Carragher. However, the favoured central-midfield pairing was Gerrard/Lampard and they started the tournament alongside one another in Germany. Eriksson was apparently in thrall to the star system and this invariably meant a central quartet of Lampard, Gerrard, Rooney and Owen. It was only the injury to Michael Owen which led Eriksson to opt for a five-man midfield with a designated holding player in place.

Whereas Eriksson couldn’t see beyond his most celebrated players, the Gerrard/Lampard debate has only been revisited under Capello due to a dearth of suitable central-midfield alternatives. Capello appears to be a more team-oriented coach than Eriksson and usually fields two secure central-midfielders, and also a target man such as Emile Heskey to support Wayne Rooney. But for the US fixture Capello is without Barry, the favoured partner for Frank Lampard in central-midfield. Hargreaves is also unavailable and would have featured in Capello’s squad (and possibly first XI) if fit. Tom Huddlestone and Scott Parker weren’t deemed of sufficient calibre to make the squad, whilst Carrick is a good deep-lying ball-player, but may lack the gravitas to be the principal defensive midfielder. Moving Gerrard back into central-midfield next to Lampard may therefore be Capello’s only option.

With a secure central-midfield, and Rooney filling the gap between midfield and attack, 4-2-3-1 is more implicit within Capello’s 4-4-2 than 4-1-3-2. Therefore, deploying Gerrard in central-midfield should hopefully not reintroduce the stilted uncertainty that was apparent at Euro 2004 and World Cup 2006. Both midfielders should be briefed by Capello to take up fairly deep roles, with Gerrard (like Barry) requested to remain slightly deeper than his partner. Whilst Capello should have both Gerrard and Lampard sufficiently drilled to fit in with this model of play, the absence of a player such as Barry is likely to dilute the solidity of the side. If Gerrard and Lampard fulfil their roles well, then there’s a chance that Capello will persist with this combination. But USA will be looking to exploit any space which is offered by a central-midfield comprising two players who are most at home attacking the opposition’s 18-yard box!

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